Lesson 3: Universal
Gravitation
Gravity is More Than a
Name
Nearly every child knows of the word
gravity. Gravity is the
name associated with the mishaps of the milk spilled from
the breakfast table to the kitchen floor and the youngster
who topples to the pavement to end the first bicycle ride.
Gravity is the name associated with the reason for "what
goes up, must come down," whether it be the baseball hit in
the neighborhood sandlot game or the child
happily jumping on the backyard mini-trampoline. We all know
of the word gravity - it is the thing which causes
objects to fall to Earth. Yet the role of physics is to do
more than to associate words with phenomenon. The role of
physics is to explain phenomenon in terms of underlying
principles; in terms of principles which are so universal
that they are capable of explaining more than a single
phenomenon but a wealth of phenomenon in a consistent
manner. Thus, a student's conception of gravity must grow in
sophistication to the point that it becomes more than a mere
name associated with falling phenomenon. Gravity must be
understood in terms of its cause, its source, and its
far-reaching implications on the structure and the motion of
the objects in the universe.
Certainly gravity is a force which exists
between the Earth and the objects which are near it. As you
stand upon the Earth, you experience this force. We have
become accustomed to calling it the
force of gravity and
have even represented it by the symbol
Fgrav. Most
students of physics progress at least to this level of
sophistication concerning the notion of gravity. This same
force of gravity acts upon our bodies as we jump upwards
from the Earth. As we rise upwards after our jump, the force
of gravity slows us down; and as we fall back to Earth after
reaching our peak, the force of gravity speeds us up. In
this sense, the force gravity causes an acceleration of our
bodies during this brief trip away from the earth's surface
and back. In fact, many students of physics have become
accustomed to referring to the actual acceleration of such
an object as the acceleration of
gravity. Not to be confused with the force of
gravity
(Fgrav), the
acceleration of gravity
(g) is the acceleration
experienced by an object when the only force acting upon it
is the force of gravity. On and near Earth's surface, the
value for the acceleration of gravity is approximately 9.8
m/s/s. It is the same acceleration value for all objects,
regardless of their mass (and assuming that the only
significant force is gravity). Many students of physics
progress this far in their understanding of the notion of
gravity.
In Lesson 3, we will build on this
understanding of gravitation, making an attempt to
understand the nature of this force. Many questions will be
asked: How and by whom was gravity discovered? What is the
cause of this force which we refer
to with the name of gravity? What variables affect the
actual value of the force of gravity? Why does the force of
gravity acting upon an object depend upon the location of
the object relative to the Earth? How does gravity affect
objects which are far beyond the surface of the Earth? How
far-reaching is gravity's influence? And is the force of
gravity which attracts my body to the Earth related to the
force of gravity between the planets and the Sun? These are
the questions which will be pursued. And if you can
successfully answer them, then the sophistication of your
understanding has extended beyond the point of merely
associating the name "gravity" with falling phenomenon.
NEXT >>
|